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He went into exile during the rule of Oliver Cromwell and returned with the restoration of Charles II. His history of the civil
wars even-handedly doled out praise and blame to both sides in the conflict.
Knox, John (c. 1514 1572): Protestant reformer of Scotland, exiled from there but released from captivity in 1549. He made
his way to England to join the Protestant Reformation under King Edward VI. He fled again at the accession of Mary I,
returning briefly to Scotland in 1555 and permanently in 1559 to promote the Reformation there and undermine the rule of
Mary Queen of Scots. Acerbic and single-minded, his history of the Scottish Reformation (first published in 1587) was
vigorously and ably written and promoted the view of the Reformation as an apocalyptic intervention rather than a
continuous growth from the Catholic past.
Livy (a.k.a. Titus Livius; c. 60 B.C. A.D. 17): A tutor in the imperial household, his life s work was really the composition
of a 142-volume history of Rome from the earliest founding of the republic to the reign of Augustus Caesar as emperor.
Macaulay, Thomas Babington (a.k.a. 1st Baron Macaulay; 1800 1859): English historian and Parliamentarian and
graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a proponent of the Reform Act of 1832 and the reform of the colonial
administration of India. Losing interest in politics, he turned to literature (publishing Lays of Ancient Rome in 1842) and to a
massive history of England that not only popularized the  Whig interpretation of history as an ever-ascending progress
toward greater freedom and prosperity but became a monument of 19th-century style in history writing. He is buried in
Westminster Abbey.
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Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469 1527): Florentine diplomat who turned to history writing a commentary on Livy and a history
of the city-state of Florence as an aside. Neither were published in his lifetime; both, like his most famous work, The
Prince, abounded with practical recommendations for concentrating and using political power.
Marx, Karl (1818 1883): German political philosopher and radical socialist who created the theoretical basis for modern
Communism. Although he wrote no history per se, his interpretation of historical eras as chapters in a dialectical struggle
(which he borrowed from Hegel) between classes deeply influenced much of 20th-century history writing.
Mather, Cotton (1663 1728): Graduate of Harvard and minister of the Second Church of Boston from 1685. A prolific
author, his major historical work was about the founding of New England, Magnalia Christi Americana.
Parkman, Francis (1823 1893): Graduate of Harvard and author of a great series of histories of the French and English
colonization of North America, beginning with Conspiracy of Pontiac and culminating in A Half-Century of Conflict.
Parrington, Vernon Louis (1871 1929): Graduate of Harvard, he taught literature at Emporia College, the University of
Oklahoma, and the University of Washington. His major work was a history of American literature, Main Currents in
American Thought.
Petrarch (a.k.a. Francesco Petrarca; 1304 1374): Italian Renaissance Humanist and poet who pioneered the revival of the
study of classical literature, including the classical historians, and wrote a series of short biographies modeled on Plutarch
and Suetonius.
Plutarch (c. 46 c. 120): Greek-born moral philosopher who is best known for his Lives of the Ancient Romans and Greeks,
which offered paired biographies in Greek (one Greek, one Roman) to emphasize the comparison of character traits between
similar Greek and Roman worthies (Alexander and Caesar, Cicero and Demosthenes, and so forth).
Polybius (c. 200 118 B.C.): Greek aristocrat who was exiled to Rome as a hostage (168 150 B.C.) and became convinced
that the Romans represented the wave of the future. His history of the Punic Wars counseled Greek accommodation to
Roman rule.
Prescott, William Hickling (1796 1859): Graduate of Harvard, he originally planned to be a lawyer but then turned to
literary journalism. His first historical work, History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, was followed to two landmark
histories of the Spanish conquest of Mexico and of Peru. He was in the process of writing a multivolume history of the reign
of Philip II at the time of his death.
Ranke, Leopold von (1795 1886): The most prominent German historian of the 19th century and a vigorous exponent of
 scientific history writing, aiming to develop so complete a mastery of source materials that he could convey  how it really
was. He was a critic of Hegel and Romantic methods. He taught at the University of Berlin for 50 years and was ennobled
by Wilhelm I of Prussia in 1865.
Sallust (a.k.a. Gaius Sallustius Crispus; c. 86 c. 34 B.C.): Roman politician, historian, and ally of Julius Caesar. His history
of the slow decay of the republic after the Punic Wars, along with his narrative of the Catiline conspiracy and the Jugurthine
War, are mordant expressions of pessimism over the degeneration of Roman virtue and made  declension into a major
historical theme.
Spengler, Oswald (1880 1936): German historian and philosopher whose Decline of the West in 1918 brought him out of
obscurity into international prominence. Like Kant, Comte, and Vico, Spengler aimed to create a historical typology of how
civilizations begin, develop, and decay, devoting his particular attention to eight major civilizations, including that of
Western Europe.
Suetonius (a.k.a. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus; c. 69 c. 122): Roman biographer whose Lives of the Twelve Caesars and [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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